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三、 常见习惯用语 （一） 知识概要 由于英语国家的语言习惯与中国的语言习惯有许多不同之处，所以造成了许多同学在做选择或书写，或与人交谈中造成误用中国方式来对英语的问句作解答。例如一 个小女孩十分好看，可爱，外国人见到时会讲： You are so beautiful? 这时的答语应该是 Thank you? 如果外国人发现你的英语不错，他们会讲： Your English is very good? 这时中国人常常会说：不，我说的不好。这纯是一种礼貌的答语，但是不符合英语习惯。它正确的答语应是 Thank you? 虽然交际英语有一些规律可讲，但更重要的是学习外国的生活习惯，了解他们的文化背景，历史渊源，这样才能真正的学好一门外语。 （二） 正误辨析 ［误］ - What can I do for you? - Yes， please help me? ［正］ - What can I do for you? - I'd like to buy a sweater? ［析］ What can I do for you? 这一问语实际上用于的情景很多，要根据具体情况而定。如在商店中售货员讲这句话应译为：您想要点什么?在其他场合也可以被译为：我能为您做些什么?它的答语应是直接讲出想让对方提供的帮助。 ［误］ - Which colour do you like? - Sorry， I don't like? ［正］ - Which colour do you like? - I prefer blue? ［析］ 由 which 来提问的问句是要回答具体的选择，而不能泛指，泛泛的回答。如 Yes， I like it? ［误］ Do you like to come with us tonight? ［正］ Would you like to come with us tonight? ［析］ Do you like … 问的是对方的习惯，如： Do you like swimming? Do you like collecting stamps? 而 would you like … 则是一次性的邀请、提议。邀请的英语表达法还有如下几种： Shall we go? 我们走吧! Let's go? 让我们走吧! How about having a cup of tea? 喝杯茶如何? What about a cup of coffee? 喝杯咖啡如何? Why not buy it? 为什么不买呢? 其肯定答语一般为Certainly， Yes， O．Ｋ． All right， With pleasure? ［误］ Sorry， I've kept you waiting? Not at all? ［正］ Sorry， I've kept you waiting? Never mind? ［析］ "介意不介意"这一问法与答语在中英文中有所不同。如： - Do you mind my smoking here? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ Ａ． Yes， do it please? Ｂ． No， of course not? Ｃ． Yes， take it please? Ｄ． No， you can't take it? 这时正确的选择应是B。 其意为：不介意，当然不。而A选项则自相矛盾了，它应译为：是的我介意，请抽吧。而D选项是：不介意，你不能抽。当向对方争求意见时，可以有以下问法： Do you mind if I open the door? Would you mind mailing the letter for me? 其答语如果是同意应为： Certainly not， not at all? 而不同意时应为 Yes， 或 I'm sorry? ［误］ What's that man? He is Mike? ［正］ What's that man? He is a teacher? ［正］ Who's that man? He is Mike? (He is Mike's father?) ［析］ 由 what 提问是问的职业，由 who 提问问的是姓名或身份。 ［误］ - How much are they? - Half a kilo， please? ［正］ - How many bananas do you want? - Half a kilo? Please? ［析］ How much are they? 问的是价格而不是实际物品的多少。 ［误］ I'm sorry， but is this the way to the park? ［正］ Excuse me， but is this the way to the park? ［析］ I'm sorry 是对已经做错了的事向对方道歉时的开始语。而 Excuse me? 是在打扰对方之前表达歉意的话。 ［误］ - Have a good time tonight! - You are the same? ［正］ - Have a good time tonight! - The same to you? ［析］ The same to you 是表达我也祝您有个愉快的夜晚，它是美语中的习惯用法。 ［误］ - What's the problem? - I've got a headache? ［正］ What's wrong with you? I've got a headache?
［析］ What's wrong with you? 是询问对方身体状态如何，而 What's the problem?是问对方遇到了什么麻烦。 ［误］ - Now， I'm back? Can I play? - Perhaps? You'd better do your homework first? ［正］ - Now， I'm back? Can I play? - I'm afraid not? You'd better do your homework first? ［析］ Perhaps 是表示对一种拿不准的事态的推论，如： Am I right? Perhaps?而 I'm afraid not? 则表达一种不同意的态度。 be afraid 的几种用法有： I'm afraid that you are right? 其后直接加宾语从句。 - Will you come to my birthday party? - I'm afraid not? I have to go to see my father? He is in hospital? 其后＋not，表示否定。 - Sorry， I don't want to go there alone， I'm afraid of the dog? 其后＋名词，表示对某人，某物的害怕。 Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam? 其后＋ of ＋ 动名词，表示害怕做某事。 Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam? 其后＋ 不定式，表示不敢去做某事。 ［误］ - How soon will you be ready? - Two days? ［正］ - How soon will you be ready? - In two days? ［析］ 此题关键是要根据情景，身临其境，要注意的是对方问了什么，就应答什么。或答了什么就应问什么。 How soon 问的是"还有多久才能作完"，这时要用 in two days， 即在两小时之内即可以作完。如用 How long 提问，则答语可以用 two days。 ［误］ - Would you mind if I have some time off? - I don't mind? - Monday and Tuesday of next week? ［正］ - Would you mind if I have some time off? - When exactly? - Monday and Tuesday of next week? ［析］ 有的对话是复杂的，稍有不慎就有可能选错，而且英语中如选错了答案是不容易找出错来的。 I don't mind 是可以用来回答 Would you mind…这一提问的，但如仔细看一看则会发现我们要选用的不是陈述句而是疑问句。根据下面一句的答语来判定要用 when exactly? 什么时间，这样才能与下句中具体的时间相符合。 ［误］ Suppose your name is Tom? The phone rings and you pick it up? The first word you say will probably be "Who are you?" ［正］ Suppose your name is Tom? The phone rings and you pick it up? The first word you say will probably be "Hello? This is Tom speaking?" ［析］ 在英语学习中，习惯用法实际上在某种情况，或某种意义上讲比语法更为重要。如果只从句子的角度上去分析，它们可能都是对的。比如，当你拿起电话时，如果你 想知道对方是谁，可以问"Who's that(speaking)?"但不要讲"Who are you?"如果你想先介绍一下自己可以讲"This is ×××× speaking"而不要讲"I'm ××××"也不要讲"My name is ×××××．" 就语法而论，"Who are you?" "I'm ××××?""My name is ×××××?"并不错，也是英语中可用的句子，但就打电话这一场合，就不宜用了。 ［误］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend? - I don't hope so? ［正］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend? - I hope not? ［析］ 由于初学者对实际英语口语中表达感情意愿的答语不熟悉，如在肯定答语中 I think so? I hope so? I believe so? 是相同的，但在否定句中却常用 I don't think so? 但I don't believe so? 和 I don't hope so? 则意为：我不信此事和我不希望此事发生。而 I believe not? 和 I hope not? 则为：我想可能不会发生吧! ［误］ - Is anybody there? - No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave? ［正］ - Is everybody there? - No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave? ［析］ 许多学生在写作和选择答语或问句时总要语法在前，而不是习惯用语在先。所以总是要拘泥疑问句中的不定代词，用 anybody。 但是Is anybody there? 在英语中为：这里有人吗?而Is everybody there?为：全都到齐了吗?所以首先要考虑的是其答语。 No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave? ［误］ - Your handwriting is very good! - No， my handwriting is very poor? ［正］ - Your handwriting is very good! - Thank you?
［析］ 中国人遇到别人称赞，总是以谦逊为美德。但英美人则往往认为自信是美德。所以当别人夸奖你或赞美你时，就应说： Thank you? 又比如中国人见面时常讲 Where are you going? 或 Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人则认为你过多的干预别人的私生活了。而他们见面时往往问一些无关紧要的话，如： Hello! How are you going? (你过得怎样) Morning! 等。而 good morning? 和 How do you do? 则被认为是较正规的问候语，在日常生活中则十分少见。 ［误］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： "Excuse me? I'll go first?" ［正］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： "Excuse me? I have to go?" ［析］ 这两句答语都是正确的，其关键不是语法，而是习惯问题。如果在这样的场合你讲 I'll go first? 朋友们会迷惑不解，而 I have to go? 则表示由于外界的特殊原因而造成的你要离去，而你本人则十分不愿做此事。 ［误］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - I'd like to， and I'm too busy? ［正］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - I'd like to， but I'm too busy? ［析］ I'm too busy? 与 I'd like to? 在意义上正好相反。所以要用转折连词。这里考查了对词义合乎逻辑的表达能力。所以要强调语言环境，更要强调在语言的基础上的词语辨析。 ［误］ - Where's Deter? - Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet? ［正］ - Where's Deter? - Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet? ［析］ 由于 but 所引出的句子可以看出 Deter 的来与不来是十分不确定的，所以应用 may 来表达一个不肯定的事件。 ［误］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine! - Great? You look well too? ［正］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine! - Thanks? You look well too? ［析］ 要注意的是 Great 在口语中多表示惊叹，而 Thanks 则表示感谢对方的称赞。 所以对情景谈话要有准确的判定，要根据情景，身临其境，上下对照，周密思考，弄清场合，注意英美人的风俗习惯，注重语义上的词语 辨析，并要进行大量的语言实践练习，扩大实际交际能力。 （三） 例题解析 1? - Would you like to have some rice? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? Yes， I like B? Yes， please C? of course D? Yes， I have ［答案］ B. ［析］ 当对方对你发出邀请的问语时，如果你想接受则讲 Yes， please? 如不想接受则用No， thanks? 2? - Nice to see you? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? Good morning B? Happy to meet you， too C? Nice to see you， too D? Pleased to meet you， too ［答案］ C. ［析］ 虽然A、B、D三个选项都可以作为某种问候语的答语，但英语中问候语的答语多用重复对方的话，以表达同样的心情。 3? - Would you please give me some water? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? Yes， I would B? Certainly C? No， thanks D? Yes， please ［答案］ B. ［析］ 当对方发出十分礼貌的请求帮助的问语时，一般的回答是肯定的。而Yes， please? 为"是的，您请做某事吧"。这一含意显然不对。 4? - Thank you very much for helping me? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? You're welcome B? It doesn't matter C? No need D? Don't say that ［答案］ A. ［析］ You're welcome 译为中文为：不用谢。而 It doesn't matter 则为：没关系。 5? - Hello， Lucy? How are you? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ And you? A? Fine， thanks B? Yes， I am C? Glad to meet you D? Good afternoon ［答案］ A. ［析］ 在正常交往中一定要避免所问非所答。所以对 How are you? 的答语应为"很好，谢谢!" 6? - Help yourself to some meat? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? It sounds nice． B? Yes， please． C? Yes， Let's help each other． D? Thank you． ［答案］ D. ［析］ Help yourself to some meat． 你自己拿些肉吃吧。其意为主人劝客人不要客气，像在家里一样。 7? - Oh， I am not feeling well? I've got a cold? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? Fine， How are you? B? Never mind? Take care C? Well， I 'm sure to get weel soon． D? I'm sorry to hear that? ［答案］ D. ［析］ 这是美国、英国的习惯用语，而B、 C则是中国人常讲的答语。 8? - Meimei you speak English very well? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? No， I don't think so B? Thank you very much C? Not good enough D? That's all right ［答案］ B. 9? - "Kate， could you answer the telephone， please?" - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ , Mum? I'll get it． A? Yes， I could B? No， thanks C? O?K? D? Yes， but I have no time ［答案］ C. ［析］ 要注意 could 用于口语中是为了讲话的口气委婉，但它不是过去时态，也不是助动词，而应看作情态动词。所以在答语中则不应这样用。 10? - Could you look after Polly for me while we're away? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? No， thanks． B? With pleasure． C? I'm not afraid． D? I'm sure you will． ［答案］ B. ［析］ With pleasure? 是英语中的一句十分客气的答语，用在当对方因你的帮助或你的许诺向你道谢时，表达自己十分乐意为对方效力的口气。 11? - Hello! Could I speak to the headmaster， please? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? Hold on， please． B? That's the headmaster， please． C? Who are you ? please． D? Sorry? I'm not the headmaster． ［答案］ A. ［析］ hold on， please? 是指请对方等一等不要将电话放下的用语。如果要讲我就是的话不能用 that， 而要用 this， 在电话用语中 that 指对方， this 指自己。 12? - Happy birthday! - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? Thank you． B? The same to you． C? Good luck． D? Congratulations． ［答案］ A. ［析］ the same to you 是同样祝贺对方的意思，不能用于生日这一祝贺语，除非两人的生日在同一天。 13? - I'm sorry I don't know the way， either? You'd better ask that policeman for help?? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? Good night． B? That's nothing． C? Very well． D? Thank you all the same． ［答案］ D. ［析］ 当向对方求助时，对方无能为力，这时的感谢语则为 Thank you all the same? 意为不管如何还是要谢谢你。 14? - I fell and hurt my leg last week， So I can't do anything? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? I'm sorry B? Don't worry C? Good luck D? Bad luck ［答案］ D. ［析］ 如果用A则要用 I'm sorry to hear that?而不能单用 I'm sorry? 因I'm sorry 是向对方道歉。而 bad luck 为真是不幸啊。 15? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ - I have got a cough? A? What's your trouble? B? What have you got? C? Why did you come here? D? Have you got a cough? ［答案］ A. ［析］ What's your trouble? 多用于问对方有什么问题、麻烦或得了什么病。这种用语还有 What's wrong with you? 16? - Would you like to go shopping with me? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? Yes， I'd love to． B? That's right． C? Yes， please． D? Quite well． ［答案］ A. ［析］ 表示愿意作某事应讲：I'd love to? I'd like to? 17? - What's the weather like today! - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? It's nice for a walk． B? I like autumn best of all． C? It will be fine tomorrow． D? It's rather cold today． ［答案］ D. ［析］ 本题要注意问的是什么，不要所问非所答。因问题是今天的天气怎样，所以只能选D 18? - Is Jane in ，please? I want to speak to her? - Sorry， she is out? You'd better ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? visit her in the office B? call her later C? see her this afternoon D? speak to her yourself ［答案］ B. ［析］ call her later 晚些时候再来电话。 19? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ - Very well， thank you， and you? A? How do you do? B? Good morning? C? How are you these days? D? How do you like English? ［答案］ C. ［析］ 本题是由答语来推断问话，所以应熟悉英语的问答习惯： How do you do? 的答语应为 How do you do? 20? - How is your mother? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? She is old． B? She is no better than she was． C? She is kind?hearted． D? She is in her forties． ［答案］ B. ［析］ How is your mother? 问的是你妈身体如何，而B选项则是"她不比以前强"。而其他三个选项则是所问非所答。 21? - Thank you very much for your help? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? You're welcome B? Please don't C? There's no trouble D? No， no ［答案］ A. 22? Your uncle has taken you to the cinema? Afterwards you thank him? He says " ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．" A? It was nothing B? I'm glad you enjoyed it C? Don't say it D? No， needn't ［答案］ B. ［析］ 这是英语的答语，千万不要选A，因它是中文习惯的答语。 23? - Thank you for your good present? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? It's not good B? No， no C? My pleasure D? Never mind ［答案］ C. 24? When someone did a good deed for you， you should say ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A.you are too good B.It's very kind of you C.you are very kind D.I'll thank you ［答案］ B. 25? - I am very sorry? I am late for dinner? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A.No， you aren't B.That's all right C.Yes， you are D.No， you don't ［答案］ B. ［析］ That's all right? 没关系。 26? - I'm sorry if I hurt you? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? I'm sorry B? It's not true C? It doesn't matter D? Don't say sorry ［答案］ C. 27? - I should have gone to see the exhibition with you? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? I'm sorry B? What a pity C? It doesn't matter to me D? That's terrible ［答案］ B. ［析］ What a pity. 真遗憾。第一句应为我真该和你一起去展览会。 28? - Help yourself to some fish? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? You are very kind B? Yes， I'm helping myself C? Thank you D? Yes， don't worry about me ［答案］ C. 29? - Are you ready?-______ ． A? I'm very sorry B? Try to be patient C? Not yet， wait a minute D? Do you have the time， please? ［答案］ C. ［析］ not yet 意为还没有完成。 30? - Mum， I have passed the exam? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? That's all right B? Congratulations C? You are luck D? Good luck to you ［答案］ B. 31? - I think I have to leave? I hope we can get together again? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? All right B? That's all right C? O?K? D? I hope so， too ［答案］ D. 32? Must I wait till he comes back? ． A? No， you needn't B? No， you mustn't C? No， you may not D? No， you can't ［答案］ A. ［析］ must 提问表示必须这样做吗?而肯定句要用 must， 表示必须做，而否定句则要用 needn't 表示没有必要做。 33? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ I pay you the house rent right away? - Yes， you have to do it? A? Shall B? Way C? Must D? Have ［答案］ C. 34? - Don't you think this colour is too bright? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? Yes， I agree． B? Yes， but I don't think so． C? Yes， of course not． D? Yes， what's wrong? ［答案］ A. 35? - It was cold yesterday? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? So was it B? So it was C? I believe not so D? I believe not ［答案］ B. ［析］ 当答语只是重复对方讲的话时，则不用倒装。因 so it was即为：是的，天气昨天很冷。而当讲前面讲的动作也适合于另一个人时，则要倒装。如： I went to the cinema yesterday? So did I? 表示对方去了电影院，我也去了。 36? - What do you think of the song? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? I like music very much B? I like it too C? With pleasure D? It sounds sweet ［答案］ D. ［析］ sound 在这里是系动词，为听起来很甜美。系动词后要用形容词，而不要用被动语态。 37? Do you like tea or coffee? ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? Yes， I do B? Thank you C? That's fine D? Either will do ［答案］ D. ［析］ either will do? 为两者哪个都可以。 38? I like your sweater very much? ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? No， it's ugly B? Sorry C? Thank you D? You're welcome ［答案］ C. ［析］ 这是英美语言的习惯。 39? He likes travelling by train? ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? So do I B? I dos C? I like so D? I like it， neither ［答案］ A. 40? - How do you like your school? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? I like it very much B? It's very beautiful C? I doesn't like it D? Very well ［答案］ B. ［析］ How do you like … 是问你们学校是怎样值得你热爱的。也就是为什么你热爱你的学校。 41? What a nice day! ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A? You're right． B? No， isn't it? C? Yes， isn't it? D? Really? ［答案］ C. ［析］ Yes， isn't it? 是的，难道不是个好天气吗? 42? - Hello， ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ? - This is Della speaking? A? Who are you B? Are you Tom C? Who is that D? Please tell me who are you ［答案］ C. ［析］ 电话用语中 that 指对方，而 this 指自己。 43? -What's he like? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? He likes English B? He is old C? He is like a farmer D? He is tall and this ［答案］ D. ［析］ 要区分 What's he like? 如 What does he like? 前者为：他长得什么样?而后者是：他喜欢什么。 44? How did you do your job? Not very well， ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? I'm sure B? I am afraid C? Thank you D? I'm sorry ［答案］ B. ［析］ I am afraid 我恐怕是，我想是。 45? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ your aunt? -She is a principal of a middle school? A? What does B? Where does C? What is D? Whom is ［答案］ C. 46? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ - He is my boss? A? What's the man? B? Who is the man? C? How is the man? D? What does the man do? ［答案］ B. 47? - May I have your name? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? No， no B? You're polite C? Call me John D? It's kind of you ［答案］ C. 48? - Shall I make coffee for you? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? Yes， thank you B? No， don't trouble C? Don't trouble this， thank you D? No， don't make it ［答案］ A. 49? - Could you show me the way to Mr? Buown's office? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? Not at all B? I'm sure C? All right D? I can do it ［答案］ C. 50? - Shall we go swimming tomorrow afternoon? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A? It's very kind of you B? You are so thoughtful C? That's a good idea D? Yes， we'll go ［答案］ C.
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发表于 2018-8-11 11:31:46
