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[英语] 初中英语重要知识:介词、连词

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发表于 2015-9-29 12:08:10 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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一、介词

介词又叫前置词,表示它后面的名词(或相当于名词的其他结构)与句子其他成分的关系。
1、与形容词搭配的介词。
be afraid of be angry with be away from
be different from be good/bad for
be fond of(喜欢) be good at(善于)
do well in(在…做得好) be interested in(对…感兴趣)
be/get ready for(为…做准备) be sure of(对…有把握)
be worried about(对…感到担忧) be proud of(以…自豪)
2、与动词搭配的词组。
Look after (照顾) look for(寻找)
take care of(照顾某人) worry about(担心…)
play with…(玩…) get on/off(上/下车)
turn on/off (开/关) turn up/down (开大/关小)
3、表示时间的介词
(1)in/on/at
In+时间段(表示早上、下午、晚上、周、月、季、年、世纪或人生的某个时期)
例如:in 1999, in January, in summer
固定词组:
in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the end
On+具体的某日或某日的早、午、晚等。
例如:
On Christmas Day
On the night of March 10
At+时间点
例如:
At 3 o′clock at the harvest time
固定词组
at night at last at first at once
at this time of the year at the beginning of
at the same time
注意:在表示时间里,下列情况下一般不用介词:
next/last/this/that/tomorrow/yesterday/one/every/all以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow前不用介词。
例如:不能说in tomorrow 只能说tomorrow
(2)for+时间段
Since+过去的时间点/或者表示过去式的从句,这两种都表示“延续的一段时间”,常与完成时态连用。
例如:
He has lived here for ten years.
He has lived here since 1991.
He has lived here since he left school.
(3)在…之后
In+一段时间(用于一般将来时)
After+一段时间(用于一般过去时)
After+一点时间(常用于一般将来时)
例如:
He will come back in two hours.他两小时后就回来。
He came back after two hours.两个小时后他回来了。
They will visit their teacher after Friday .星期五以后他们去看望老师。
(4)by+过去时间点(表示到……为止,主句时态用过去完成时)
例如:
We had learned fifty lessons by the end of last term.
4、表示地点、范围、趋向的介词。
(1)at+点、on+面、in+体
例如:
A stranger stood at the door with a picture on it, looking in through a hole in the door.
(2)across+表面,through+空间
例如:
The river runs through our city, across the fields and then into the sea.
(3)in+大地方,at+小地方
例如:
He arrived at the village(或in Shanghai)yesterday.
(4)to the+方位词+of+不接壤的地区。
On the +方位词+of+接壤的地区。
In the +方位词+of+其中的大地区
例如:
Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国以东。
The pacific is on the east of China.太平洋在中国的东面。
Shanghai is in the east of China.上海在中国的东面(内部)。
(5)among 在…和…之间(三者或三者以上)
Between 在…和…(两者)之间 between…and… between强调两者之间。
例如:
among the students between you and me
Take some medicine between three meals.
(6)besides+同样情况的人或物(除…之外尚有)。
Except+不同情况的人或物(除…之外)不包括它本身。
Except+宾格/doing sth.
例如:
He went besides me.除了我以外,他也去了。
All went except me.除了我没去,大家都去了。
(7)表示“关于”时,about+事迹、故事等小而浅的问题。On+政治、理论、形式等大而深的问题。
例如:
a book about a little hero关于一位英雄的一本书
a book on medicine一本医书
(8)其他介词
用交通工具时:
by plane by bike on foot
用语言:
in English
通过媒介:
on/over the telephone on/over the radio
用工具手段:
write with a pen
(9)介词后常用人称代词宾格或动词-ing形式。
例如:
You must take care of her.
Thank you for helping me.
(10)句型/词组
It is nice/kind of you.
be made in+地方“在某地制造”
be made of “用…材料制成”(可看见原材料)
be made from be made into

二、连词
连词是在词、短语、从句或句子之间起连接作用的词。
1、并列连词
Both…and 既…又…(谓语用复数动词)
Neither…nor 既不…也不(谓语动词由靠近他的那个主语来决定单复数)。
Either…or… 或者…或者、不是…就是
And连接两个并列成分、连接谓语时,两个动词时态一致,“那么”接在祈使句后表示结果。
But“但是”表示转折,不能与then同时出现在句中。
Or在否定句中、并列句中的列举常用or,而不用and.
例如:
I have brother and sister.
I do not have brother or sister.
I have no brother and no sister.
注意:祈使句+or+陈述句,前后是对立的。
例如:
Study hard, or you won′t pass the exam.
=If you study hard ,and you′ll pass the exam.
=If you don′t study hard, you won′t pass the exam.
祈使句+and+陈述句,前后是统一的。
例如:
Go straight on, and you′ll see a bridge.
2、引导宾语从句的连词
陈述句:that可省略
一般疑问句:if/whether “是否”;
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
3、引导原因状语从句的连词
Because不能与so 同时出现在句中。
4、引导时间状语的连词
1)when(当…时候),as soon as (一…就),not…until(直到…才),after(……之后),在这些词引导的主从复合句中,主句为一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。
例如:
I won′t leave until he comes.
I will tell you as soon as I come back.
2)since(自从……以来)引导的主从复合句,主句为现在完成时,从句一般过去时。
例如:
We have not met each other since she left here last year.
3)while(当…时候,一边…一边),引导时间状语从句,常用进行时态。
例如:
My father came in while I was doing my homework.
5、if“如果”引导条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。
例如:
If it rains tomorrow, I will not climb the hills.
注意区别:if/whether引导宾语从句,时态根据语境而定。
例如:I don′t know if it will rain tomorrow.
6、so…that/such…that(如此…以致,因而)
Such+(a)+名词+that
例如:
His idea was such a good one that we all agree to use it.
So+/形容词或副词/形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词+that/+many/few/+复数可数名词/+much/little+不可数名词。
例如:
Bob is so tall that he can almost reach the ceiling.
He ran so quickly that we couldn′t keep up with him.
There was so little water left that only small children and patients were given some.
注意:such a nice city=so nice a city

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