语法：现在完成时（详见八年级下Unit9 第157——164页）
一.构成：
1.肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其它
He has already finished his work. 他已经完成了工作。
I have bought a book.我买了一本书。
2.否定句：主语+haven’t/hasn’t+过去分词+其它
I haven’t packed the camera.我还没把照相机装好。
He hasn’t bought the book.
3.一般疑问句;Have/Has+主语+过去分词…?
Have you finshed reading the book?
二.用法：
1.强调过去发生的动作或者存在的状态对现在造成的结果和影响。
常用标志词：already,not…yet,just,ever,never,before等。
already常用于肯定句，yet用于否定句疑问句中。
I have never seen such a good film.
He hasn’t done his homework yet.
注：alread可用于疑问句，表示一种惊讶，常放在句末。
Have you read the book already?
2.表示过去发生的某一动作或状态，一直持续到现在，常与for，since连用，谓语动词为延续性动词。
如：leave→ be away borrow → keep die →be dead
Join → be in go/come→ be in buy →have
open → be open
He has been away for a month.他离开一个月了。
Han Mei has kept the book since last week.自上周以来韩梅就借了这本书。
▲下列情况下非延续性动词可与for /since连用。
⑴在否定句中
I haven’t heard from him for a long time.
很长时间我没收到过他的信了。
We haven’t seem him since three years ago.
自三年前我们就没见过他了。
⑵用在下列句型中:
It’s+时间段+since+一般过去时（非延续）
时间段+has passed +since+一般过去时（非延续）
It’s ten years since his grandma died.
Ten years has passed since his grandma died.
注：（同义句）
His grandma has been dead for ten years.
His grandma has been dead since ten years ago.
3.have/has gone to 去…地方了（还没回来）
Where’s Li Lei? He has gone to school.
have/has been to 去过…地方（已回来）
Where have you been? I have been to the library.
have/has been in/at+地点 去…地点多久了
4.对于句子中yet和ever 问句的答句如下：
⑴ Have you read this book yet?
No,not yet./Yes,I’ve already read it.
⑵ Have you ever been to Australia?
No,never.
训练题;
（一）改错：
1.His grandpa has died for two years .(¬¬¬¬¬¬____________)
2.I have bought the dicticnary half a year ago.(_________)
3.Where is Tom? He has been to Shanghai.(___________)
（二）选择：
（ ）4.It’s about ten months since Linda__a League member.
A.became B.has become C.has been D.had been
（ ）5.Hi,Li Lei,we __each other for ten years.
A.didn’t see B.haven’t seen C.see D.saw
（ ）6.Have you been to Hainan?
Yes,I__there three years ago.
A.have been B.went C.have gone D.went to
(三)、用适当的形式填空
7._______Li Ming_______(finish)his homework yet?
8.I____________(be)abroad many times.
9.He ___________(have)two cars so far.
(四)、句型转换：
10.He borrowed a book from the library a week ago.(同义句，现完)
____________________________________.
11.Kate’s been at this factory since 1990.
_________________________________?
SectionA
1.go singhtseeing 去观光
2.bathing suit 浴衣 ,泳装
动名词做定语。如：running star 跑步明星
swimming club 游泳俱乐部
developing country 发展中国家
3.street map 街道地图。
①名词作定语，常用单数形式。
book shop, furniture store , apple trees
②sport作定语时，常用复数：sports meeting sports club
③man和woman作定语，如修饰名词复数本身也用复数：women- teachers
4. water V. 给…浇水，灌溉
He has to water these flowers eery day in summer.
n.水（不可数名词）
Fish live in water.
5. clean out 彻底清理，整理
clean up 把…收拾整齐，即摆放
clean down清扫，冲洗
You should clean out the drawers of your desk,they are full of old papers.
6. in a minute=right away/at once 立刻，马上
in + 时间段（用于将来时） 在…之后，就其提问用 How soon
How soon will Uncle Wang come back?
He will come vach in ten minutes.(十分钟后回来)
注：after + 时间点（可用于将来时）在…之后（提问用when）
She will be back after three o’clock.
after +时间段（用于过去时态）
He came back to China after two years.
7. ① feed ：→fed →fed 喂养，饲养
② feed + 喂养对象 + on/with +食物 用…喂…
The boy was feeding the monkey with/on a banana.
③ feed + 喂的东西+to+喂养对象 把…喂给…
He fed bananas to the monkey.
④ feed on 以…为生，以…为主食
Horses feed on grass. 马以草为主食。
⑤ live on 靠…过活（指人）
I live on teaching. 我靠教书生活。
8. turn off = shut off 关掉（电灯，煤气，自来水，电视等）
turn on 打开 turn down 关小
turn up 开大 turn to转向，求助于
turn into 变成 ★前四个为动词+副词
9. get back to
⑴ 后接地点 ：回到某地/某处
When did you get back to school from your holiday?
你什么时候休假完回到学校？
⑵ 后接人，回复某人的信件，电子邮件，电话等。
I’m waiting for his reply,but he didn’t get back to me today
10. chat with sb. 和某人聊天
Lucy is chating with her friends online.
11. ⑴ do some/the +Ving 从事某项活动
do some shopping 购物 do some washing 洗衣服
do some cleaning 打扫为生 do some reading 读书
do some cooking 做饭
⑵ go + Ving 去从事某项活动
go shopping go boating go skating
go surfing go swimming
SectionB
1.when did you first hear them?
hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事
I often hear him sing this song.
I hear someone knocking at the door. 我听见某人在敲门。
⑴ listen to 听… 强调听的动作
He is listening to his teacher carefully.
⑵ hear 听到 强调听的结果
hear of 间接听说
hear from 收到…的信
I’m sorry to hear that.
⑶ sound 听起来，听上去。系动词后接形容词，名词，介词短语作表语。
The music sounds sweet. 这音乐听起来悦耳。
2. the number of+名词复数“…的数目/号码”（如果做主语，谓语用单数）
a number of + 名词复数“许多，大量 ”（如果作主语，谓语用复数）
The number of students is more than two thousand in this school.
A number of studenst have gone abroad. 许多学生出国了 。
3. win与beat的区别
① win →won→ won 后街比赛，竞赛，战斗，奖牌，名次等。
Every player tried his best to win the game.
每个队员都尽最大的努力去赢得这场比赛。
② beat→ beat→ beaten 在比赛/战斗中战胜某人，后接表示人的名词
He beat Tom at tennis. 他在网球中赢了Tom.
4. on 是形容词，表示“正在进行或发生”强调状态
be on的完成时可以和表示一段的时间状语连用。
What’s on at the cinema? 电影院里正在上演什么？
The light in the room has been on for a whole night.
房间里的灯已经亮了一夜了。
5. miss 错过，想念。后接名词或者动词ing形式
I was late because I missed the bus.
She missed going to the party on Saturday.
星期六她没能出席聚会。
I know how much you miss your mother.
我了解你多么地想念你的母亲。
6. ⑴ in the last/past+时间段, 表示“在过去的…里”和现在完成时连用
We have lived in the country in the past/last few years.
过去的几年里我们一直在乡下居住。
In the past ten years great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的十年里，在我的家乡发生了很大的变化。
⑵ last:形容词“最近的/最后的”动词“持续=go on”常与for+时间段连用
The operation lasted for three hours.
7.⑴ have a concert 举办音乐会
have a meeting 开会
have a sports meeting 开运动会
⑵ go on a world tour 进行世界巡回演出
⑶ be sure to do sth. 一定去做某事
be sure not to do sth. 一定不要做某事
Be sure not to be late again.
8. hit动词“打，击中”，构成短语：hit sb.+on/in+the身体部位
John hit him on the head.
hit ,名词，“演出成功/轰动一时”
Her concert made a hit. 她的音乐会取得成功。
9. if you can get tickets,that is.
That is 是一个插入语，“这就是说”“也就是”“即”
My neighbor didn’t pass the math exam,
that is ,he failed his math exam.
我的同桌数学考试没及格，就是说，他数学考试失败了。
John is an American,that is ,he lives in America.
John是美国人，也就是说，他住在美国。
10. ⑴ in the top ten 在前+名
In the final exam,he was in the top five.
在期末考试中，他名列前五名。
⑵ Good luck to sb. 祝某人好运。/Good luck with sb.
⑶ be off 离开，走开
They’re off to a great start .
他们将有一个全新的开始。
It’s gettinng late.We must be off now.
11. half of …中的一半/一半…，如作主语，谓语随of后的名词变化
Half of the students have gone to the museum.
一半的学生去博物馆了。
Half of the money was used up. 一半的钱被花完了。
★分数的表示法：
分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子超过1，分母用复数。
当分数作定语时，中间加连字符“—”，其余情况可以不加。
Two—fifths of the books are mine.五分之二的书是我的。
Three fourths of the work has been done.
1/2: one second或a half
1/4: a quarter 或 one fourth
3/4: three quarters或three fourths
5﹣: five and two thirds
Self_Check
1. Don’t forget to lock the door if you are the last person to leave.
不定式做后置定语，修饰前面的名词。不定式作定语要放在所修饰词之后，与被修饰的名词有动宾关系（不定式为不及物动词，则其后的介词不省），主谓关系，同位关系以及补充说明关系。
Tom was the last one to finish the homework.（补充说明）
She had to buy a pen to write with.(动宾关系)
她必须买一支钢笔来写字。
2.We are leaving in an hour.
表示位置移动的动词:go,come,start,arrive,return等，常用进行时表示将来。
Where are you going?
3.Have you said goodbye to Grandma? 你向奶奶告别了吗？
say goodbye to sb.向某人告别；
say soory to sb. 向某人道歉
say hello to sb. 向某人问好
She left in a hurry without saying goodbye to us.
LiLei should say sorry to his teacher.
4.Do I need to?
need:情态动词，后接动词原形（变否在need后加not）
行为动词，need to do sth (主语是人)；
need doning sth.(主语是物)。
变否，疑，借助于助动词do,does,did.
I don’t think you need to worry about that.
Whose chair needs fixing?
5.It’s your turn.
It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
It’s your turn to water the plants.
6.One more thing 还有一件事
数词+more+名词=another+数词+名词
There are another twenty trees to be planted
=There are twenty more trees to be planted.
Reading:
1.answer to sb./sth.回答，回应，回复，答案
I have an answer to his letter each time . 我每次都给他回了信。
Do you know the answer to these questions?
2.trees with long roots
介词短语作后置定语，with“拥有”表示人或物的特征
China is a country with a long history.
Do you know the girl with long hair?
构成短语：with the help of sb = with one’s help 在某人的帮助下
With the help of the teacher,he became a good student.
with短语在句中作伴随情况状语：
My father usually sleeps with his eyes half open.
I go to sleep with my bedrum light on.(书12页)
注：have left + 电器+on 忘记关……了
3. in search of sb./sth. 寻找，寻求（作状语或表语）
The police all went out in search of the lost boy.
警方全部出动去寻找那个失踪的男孩（状语）
She is in search of her little brother.
她在寻找她的弟弟（表语）
(1)search + 地点 + for sth./sb. 在某地寻找……
Ther searched the woods for the lost child.
(2)search sb./sth. 搜查，搜身
The police searched the priscner to see if he had a gun(枪)
（3）search for 寻找
They search for him.
（4）look for 较通俗的说法“寻找”
I have looked for my keys everywhere ,but I can’t find them.
4.(1) so far = up to now /until now 到目前为止/迄今（常与现在完成时连用）
So far I haven’t heard from her yet.
(2) thousands of “数以千计的”
In our city thousands of people have moved into ther new houses.
5. between和 among 区别
(1) between 二者之间
He is sitting between Tom and me.(宾格)
（2）among 指在三者或三者以上之中
Amng all the answers,this is the best.
注：指三个以上的人或物的每二个之间时,用between.(每天三顿饭之间)
6. hardly
(1) 副词“几乎没有/简直不”具有否定意义，常和can,could ,any连用。
He was so angry that he could hardly say a word.
他非常生气，几乎说不出一句话来。
There is hardly any milk in the glass.杯子里几乎没有牛奶。
（2）含有hardly 的句子构成反义疑问句时，简略问句要用肯定形式。
He has hardly any friends here,does he？
His words wer hardly true,were they?
（3）hardly放在句首时，句子要用倒装语序，即一般疑问句结构：
Hardly did I know what to say to her.
我几乎不知道对她说什么。
7.(1) go for walks = go for a walk = go walking 去散步
He likes going for walks after supper. 他喜欢晚饭后散步。
go for a swim = go swimming 去游泳
go out for a walk 出去散步
（2）through “穿过，通过”与in有关 表示动作是在某一物体的空间里进行。
Light came in through the window. 光线从窗户进来。
across:横穿，穿过，与on有关 表示动作时在某一物体的表面进行。指从一边到另一边，多指街道，广场，河流等平面
How long will it take to swin across the rier?
游过河去得花多长时间。
over:“越过”指从高物体的一边到另一边。
He walked over the hill and reached the village.
注：go across the street 横穿街道
go through the street 穿过街道（沿着街道）
8.(1) watch sb do sth 观看某人做某事了。
（2）watch sb doing sth 观看某人正在做某事。
I watched them play football.我观看他们踢足球了。
I watched them playing basketball.我观看他们正在玩篮球。
类似的用法还有：see,notice,hear等。
9. thanks to …多亏了/由于… (=because of=as a result of )
Thanks to my teacher’s help,I got an“A”in my English exam.
Thanks to the Green Great Wall,we had a good harvest.
Thanks to your carelessness,we lost our game.
Thanks for 为…感谢
Thanks for inviting me to your home.
10.I am beginning to understand my Chinse roots, and who I am.
我逐步明白了我的中国根，并了解到我是谁。
be beginning to do… 逐步做…（表示渐进的过程）
11.so 表示程度“如此，这段”常用于形容词之前，但当名词前通用many，much,few,little时，多用so。
There are so many teachers in our class today.
So few students know the answer.这么少的学生知道答案。
注：little 指“小的”前用such
I have never seen such little sheep.
12.believe in 相信，坚信（品格，为人）=beleve strongly in 坚信……
They beleve in God(上帝).
13.the purpose of…… ……的目的
What’s the purpose of your coming here?你来这儿的目的是什么？
Did you came to hardon for the purpose of seeing your family?
你来伦敦的目的是看望家人吗？
14.look forward to 期盼，期待“to”介词后接名、代、动词ing形式。
I’m look forward to seeing you again.我期盼再次见到你。
The children are look forward to their birthdays.
相似：psy attention to get used to
make a contribution to perfer…to…
according to
15. return=come back/go back 回来，返回
return to+地点 回到某地
return from+地 从某地返回
return=give…back(含括还钱)
She will return to England for summer holidays.
They have return from America.
书面表达：
Changes in Our Hometown
Over the past ten years,great changes have taken place in our hometown.In the past,the houses in our hometown were very old,but now people have moved into tall buildings.The water in the rivers used to be very dirty,but now the rivers are clean,and people can swin in them.People used to walk or ride bikes,but now they can take buses or drive their own cats to go to work.People live happily.
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发表于 2014-11-9 16:16:03
